Building Material

Introduction Timber, as a construction material, is relatively eco-friendly. One analyses the environmental feasibility of a material on the basis of the effect it has on the environment during manufacture, construction of the facility and energy use after constructing the house.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Building Material – Timber specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This refers to the green house gases released by the product as well as the total amount of energy required during the lifecycle of the material. Some materials may consume plenty of energy during construction but may lead to energy savings during occupation of the facility. Timber in floor construction Timber manufacture results in minimal by-products and even the relatively small amounts that do come about can be recycled. For instance, they can make mulch or generate heat in kilns (Hanson 2000). Members of the population are concerned a bout native plantations as well as forests. Not only do these areas act as habitats for biological species like plants and wildlife, they are also important sources of recreation and stabilize soil properties in those settings. Forests serve a host of other functions in the country’s ecology. Therefore, when architects choose the material, they may disturb these natural settings and the organisms that rely on them. Nonetheless, proper planning for their use can mitigate the problem. Plantation forests are an environmentally sustainable method of sourcing for timber. These areas are well managed as pre-planned building sites that have been created specifically for manmade uses. Manufacturers would need to liaise with timber associations in charge of these areas to source the materials (National Timber and Development Council Australia 2001). Energy requirements for preparing timber for construction are relatively lower than the ones used by other construction materials. The on ly process that consumes a lot of energy is drying. This stage accounts for three-quarter of the energy consumption.Advertising Looking for report on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a mill, workers often rely on wood cuttings from the same timber to provide heat energy. Only minimal gas and electricity is needed for this material. Usually, the latter sources account for 15% of the energy used. It is possible to rely on kilns that consume solar energy as described by the Department of Conservation and Land Management. Timber in the form of clad can consume 31,020 MJ for construction and will need 24,750 MJ for a forty-year maintenance period. Brick veneer timber requires 92,565 MJ for construction and 0 MJ for maintenance. Double-brick needs 141,900 MJ for construction and O MJ for maintenance. Aerated concrete consumes 76,560 MJ for construction and 24, 750 MJ of energy for maintenance. Finally, steel takes up 75,900 MJ in production and 24,750 for a forty-year maintenance period (University of Tasmania 2013). In comparison to the other materials, veneer timber is the most favourable because it has low energy needs. Steel may require much less energy than timber but it is not practical for floors. In the manufacture of building products, timber has promising results with regard to green house gas emission. Steel releases about 5,320 kg/m3 of carbon into the atmosphere and retains no carbon. Aluminium has one of the most unfavourable figures for carbon emission. About 22,000 kg/m3 of the element will enter the atmosphere during manufacture of the product/ concrete releases a relatively small amount – 120 kg/m3 will enter the atmosphere during the creation of this material but no carbon will be retained.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Building Material – Timber specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conversel y, sawn timber only releases a modest 15kg/m3 of carbon. It is the only material among typical construction materials that stores carbon. Construction allows timber to retain 250 kg/m3 of the element (Hardy 2008). The product requires minimal intervention during construction thus explaining why it produces very impressive results. Timber causes negligible site disturbance as professionals can manipulate the material to accommodate environmental goals. First, the material allows for planning flexibility. For instance, one can think about the number of trees that one intends on using and then work around it. Most timber floors are raised from the ground. This means that one can follow the topography of a site without having to dig, fill in, or change drainages for the material. In comparison, concrete floors would require disruption of the natural landscape of an area. If several buildings are constructed with such materials, then their topography will be altered (Tam Tam 2006). Duri ng the construction of timber floors, one will require relatively fewer materials and workers than other conventional materials. Timber is easier to lift than products like concrete, so one would not need to invest in as many personnel or equipment as these conventional products.Advertising Looking for report on architecture? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Even the time one takes to create the building would be dramatically reduced if one switched from the latter products to timber. Wooden components are standardized and easy to use. Therefore, employees would need to spend a short time in preparing the material for assembly (Hugo 2012). When one builds a house floor with timber, one would need to consider the environmental impact of the item after construction. In this aspect, concerns about biological damage must be addressed. Fungi, termites or other insects can attack a natural building material like timber unless precautionary measures are taken. This means that the durability of the house may be put into question. One may need to repair or construct a new house in the place of the damaged ones (Bjornfot 2006). During the use of the house, timber floors have a certain advantage that other building materials may not offer. Lightweight timber accords users sufficient comfort in hot climates. Timber cools rapidly at night thus provi ding relatively cool rooms. This would eliminate the need for an air conditioner and would thus save energy for occupants. Australians spend a relatively high percent of their energy bill on thermal comfort. These refer to fans or air conditioners when temperatures increase. Therefore, a building material that eliminates the need to use these processes would be quite welcome (Leicester 2001). On the other hand, if a house has reached its life limit, timber is more eco friendly than other building materials. This material is easily recyclable as the timber elements may be used for other purposes. For instance, it could be used to make paper, as a fuel source, and as composite when it biodegrades. Therefore, wastage is limited for the product since building materials often last longer than the building itself. Inorganic products like concrete have very little recycling application (University of Tasmania 2013). Conclusion Timber is a flexible and eco-friendly material for floor constr uction. It has impressive energy consumption rates in manufacture and its carbon emissions are also satisfactory. In addition, the product does not cause site interference and easily adopts to landscapes. Timber house construction is not costly as the material is easy to move. It accords thermal comfort and eliminates the need to use external sources of energy. It is recyclable as the construction material has numerous applications. On the other hand, issues of termite and fungi attack as well as forest destruction must be addressed before selecting the material. References Bjornfot, A 2006, An exploration of lean thinking for multi-storey timber housing construction. Web. Hanson, W 2000, Roman military timber buildings: Construction and reconstruction, National Maritime Museum, Greenwich. Hardy, A 2008, ‘Timber frame construction’, Batiment International Building Research and Practice, vol. 13 no. 5, pp. 306-309. Hugo, S 2012, Timber framed construction, Wilhelm Ernst and Sohn, Verlag. Leicester, R 2001, ‘Engineered durability for timber construction’, Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, vol. 3 no. 3, pp.216-227. National Timber and Development Council Australia 2001, Environmentally friendly housing using timber –principles, Forest and Wood Products, Queensland. Tam, V Tam, C 2006, ‘A review on the viable technology for construction waste recycling’, Resources, Conservation and Recycling, vol. 47 no. 3, pp. 209-221. University of Tasmania 2013, Timber building in Australia. Web. This report on Building Material – Timber was written and submitted by user Dorothy R. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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How Far Women Have Come essays

How Far Women Have Come essays It is truly amazing to see how far things have come for women over the last century. So many freedoms are so easily taken for granted everyday. The stories I read opened my eyes and even shocked me a little to situations I never considered or was aware of. Thanks to the convictions and courage of so many women we have been able to emerge form insubordinate creatures to people, actual citizens, with rights, freedoms, needs, and control over what happens to our bodies, our children, our community, and our government. Relating too far back in time to the actual roles of women and their place in society is very difficult, almost impossible to do. A small group of women, led by Elizabeth Cady Stanton, started what would be an incredibly long journey in pursuing the most basic of human rights for women. The Declaration of Sentiments was a document signed by hundreds of women at the Convention of Seneca Falls in 1848. This document, and the articles it contained, is the foundation of the rights and liberties several women would devote their entire life to making a reality for all. I found Susan B. Anthonys argument in her defense against legal charges for voting in the presidential election, extremely articulate and moving. Her arguments were so compelling and worded so eloquently as if anyone who had merely glanced at the constitution would have to support her stance. There are few people that can say so much in so little words. Stantons Introduction to The Womens Bible is also a very powerfu l argument. It takes another person pointing out how women are inferior and subordinate in the religion that they so strongly and actively support. It reminds of women today talking about quietly getting men to do what they want by making them think that whatever the situation is was the mans idea. I feel like we figured this one out from years of experience. Along with the Declaration of Sentiments, The Introduction to ...

The Effects of Cryotherapy in Relieving Post-arthroscopy Pain Essay

The Effects of Cryotherapy in Relieving Post-arthroscopy Pain - Essay Example This paper outlines that the study delved deeper into a 59 individuals got involved. The procedure was to administer Cryotherapy whereby, 33 persons were given while 26 used as a control group. Moreover, 10 minutes was the timespan made utility of in three separate counts, and the large number of the control group came from the weakness of the experiment. The application of the ice packing became key for application after recovering from the effects of anesthesia. The strength of the design was witnessed in the success of the objectives laid down. Using ice within a plastic bag enhanced the action of the Cryotherapy, and lessened levels of pain felt. Statistically, the levels reduced from 5-2 after the Cryotherapy process. The control group, on the other hand, recorded a decrease from 4-3. It proved the use of Cryotherapy in combination with ice to be an approach that is simple, tenable and less costly in achieving post arthroscopy pain. Right from educational level to service domain , the procedure needs embracing and regarded as a standard treatment protocol.

How Monetary and Fiscal Policies were Implemented during the Recession Essay

How Monetary and Fiscal Policies were Implemented during the Recession - Essay Example In order to curb this, the government of the United States, and the international monetary fund, took some micro and macroeconomic measures to curb this trend, which led to a great economic down turn. This was achieved by using some monetary and fiscal policies. The monetary process is the process through which the central bank and other money rendering institutions of a country controls the supply of money, the availability of money and the cost of money or the interest rate so that they can achieve a certain common objective. These objectives are done towards the growth and stability of the economy. The monetary policies can be either the contractionary or the expansionary objective. The aim of the expansionary policy increases the total supply of money in the economy, while the contractionary policies decrease the supply of money in the economy. ... It is the mandate of the federal reserve of the United States to enact the monetary policies. Board of governors runs the Federal Reserve. The factors, which they considered and applied to curb inflationary tendencies, are the reserve requirements, discount rate, open market operations, and printing money. Most banks in many countries changed the reserve requirements to encourage more banks to start in order to increases the amount of money circulating in the economy. The central banks of these countries have the authority to change the amount that banks should hold in the central bank so that they can be given the right to operate. In the US, the Federal Reserve has the supremacy to set the quantity of the deposits that the associate banks can deposit in order to be given the mandate to operate. To curb the recession, the FED decreased the amount of reserve deposits. The motive was to encourage more investors in the banking industry therefore increasing the amount of money circulati ng in the economy. This monetary objective achieved its goal since more banks had more money at hand, which increased spending, and possibly inflation (East Tennessee State University web). The other monetary policy used was the discount rate. Discount rate is the discount on the rate of interest rate that the Federal Reserve charges on the banks on the money that they borrow from the Federal Reserve. The central banks decreased or lowered the discount rate during recession. Their objective was to encourage the banks to borrow money from the central banks at a lower rate to increase the amount of money circulating in the economy. This would in turn encourage

People Resourcing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

People Resourcing - Essay Example The year 2008 saw the economic market hit a bump in a rather smooth road that it was enjoying over the last decade. The year saw the emergence of the global financial crisis that hit the job market all over the world and it has seemed difficult for the market to regain its stable shape. Banks have increased their lending rates over time making it rather difficult for entrepreneurs and other businesses to borrow money from them and consequently expansion of businesses has reduced drastically. This is important information for companies that may seek to continue with traditional trends of haphazard recruitment (McKenna & Beech, 2002, 234). With the minimal number of expansions made by companies, it has become rather difficult for more employment opportunities to pop up in these businesses, which has been a major factor to observe when considering people resourcing. This is from this that companies have faced challenges in that every business seeks to offer more employment opportunities in an effort to improve the quality of its brand or reach a greater market (Roberts, 2000, 164). However, the money required to pay the new employees has become hard to make and thus it is important for employers to reduce the recruitment rates for their companies in an effort to cope with the current market trends. Human Resourcing is very important to a company in different ways. One other manner through which it helps a company is in terms of assisting the organization in achieving both contemporary and future business needs. Human Resourcing incorporates the aspect of having employees carry out different activities in an effort to achieve the various goals that a company sets. One of the major needs that a company has both short term and long term is the attainment of a large profit margin. This is important for the company to bear the ability to maintain existing business assets and in an effort to obtain others for the eventual growth of the company. Businesses should underst and that this is attained by having personnel specialized in various fields that makes it easier for the management of the company to coordinate the activities of each person (Bloisi, 2007, 43). Human Resourcing is also important in that with a large number of personnel and the business products reaching out a great number of people, there are increased chances of investor opportunities in the business. In the contemporary environment and with the existing tough market, investors have started decreasing the amount of investments they make on companies that do not offer the required results. However, an increase in personnel and a larger network of workers ensures that not only the business provides quality products for the customers, but also that the products reach out to a larger community. A combination of both the quality and a large network of workers brings in new investors interested in the company and subsequently growth of the company is assured (Beardwell, Holden & Claydon , 2010, 127). Manufacturing jobs have had the greatest impact on the economy of many different countries. However, contemporary market trends have revealed that the service sector has began making more profits as

Recommendations to Furniture Works on creating a global structure

Recommendations to Furniture Works on creating a global structure Multinational Companies A Multinational Company is defined as an enterprise which is operating in several countries but managed from one home country  [1]  . They have their headquarters in one country but operate on different countries known as host country. Numerous examples of these organizations are Ford, General Motors, Dell, Microsoft, Google, Siemens etc. There are obvious benefits for companies to expand their business to other countries. Few of them are cost advantages such as cheap labor, reduce transport and distribution cost, constant supplies of raw materials, and avoid any trade barriers  [2]  . Companies which do business overseas face many challenges. Cultural challenge is one among them. As we have seen from experience companies which tend to do more research and spend time and effort to study and understand the cultural differences is more successful than the companies which dont do their homework. Let us take an example where Mr. X wants to expand his Pizza business from United States to India. The cultural difference between India and U.S is a huge obstacle which needs to be studied by Hofstede cultural dimensional model. Cost structures, eating habits, trade barriers are few important variables which needs to be studied before setting up an franchise. One must try to differentiate what are the major differences between U.S and Indian culture? How these differences are going to affect the business? What are the measures need to be taken to avoid these risks? What kind of work ethic do Indian employees follow? Is it different from U.S? In U.S they follow very competitive work ethic which means profitability comes first. Mr. X shouldnt expect the same level of work ethic from Indian employees. He needs to be patient for the business to grow and yield profits. Next he must work on his brand. In U.S branding and creating a image to a company makes many loyal customers which he needs to work on with the new Indian market which will take time and effort and he should choose his advertisement carefully for Indian culture. Also Indians prefer traditional food so Mr. X should work on how he can market his fast food into the market  [3]  . The CEO, Furniture Works, South London. U.K REPORT ON RECOMMENDATION AND REFLECTIONS FOR FURNITURE WORKS TO EXPAND ITS PRODUCTION ABROAD GLOBALY: This report is for Furniture Works, South London, which is proposed to start Internet Sales. The company plans to establish its production function abroad. Initially it is working and conducting business in UK locally but there are future prospects for global expansion plans. As a Management consultant, my functions involve examining and analyzing alternative organizational and communication system the main idea behind this move is to develop a Virtual ORGANIZATION. With reference to the above all discussion and my evaluation here are my recommendation for effective Global structure for Furniture Works. Licensing- My first recommendation in phase of establishing business across the world for furniture works must get Revocable written formal or implied agreement by an authority or proprietor from the host country according to their Law. Joint Venture- My second recommendation for Furniture Works is to establish a Joint Venture with the local firms in the host country through this Furniture Works can formed to achieve its objectives of a partnership like temporary and permanent arrangement between two or more firms for its business success. Consortia-My Third recommendation for Furniture Works is Consortia its a Japans Term which means Cross ownership Agreement between Firms. For firms such as Furniture Works who want to expand their business internationally, it is inevitable for them to face the cultural challenge. Further I recommend following Business Strategies for Furniture Works: Globalization Strategy- organization like furniture Works should go through the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of communication, transportation, and trade. Multi domestic Strategy- Another powerful strategy for Multinational Company like Furniture work is multi domestic Strategy. This means production of business within local community. Production, supply, Research and development and marketing are established nationally where business is done. After the business is moulded and developed locally innovation comes into picture which means there is decentralization which being outsourced locally  [4]  . Global Challenges- till now the Furniture Work is managing its business in U.K. for going to start business and getting expansion as Virtual Organization the Furniture Works should be ready to face Global Challenges like: Complexity and differentiation with different cultures and nations. For making better business environment sometimes big organization have to be ready for integration with local organization at host country. While establishing business links with different countries the Furniture Works should transfer its knowledge to local employees at host country. Finally I am recommending to the Management of Furniture Works how to Coordinate with its new companies worldwide. Global Teams- Furniture Works have to depend on teams working at international boundaries for the improvement of the business. In Multinational organizations such teams at the board level, product-development, and multi-cultural teams from various functions responsible for the global alignment of functional business processes. Headquarters Planning- Being an International Company the Furniture Works Headquarters must be in London, Which is its homeland country. Expanded Coordination Roles- Furniture Works should creating a supportive and enabling environment for the implementation its products selling in all those companies around the world. Bureaucratic Organization- Very large organizations which are well structured and well defined may be termed as bureaucratic organization. The main elements of such as organization is standard use of protocols and procedure to perform a particular task and high degree of control to make sure any particular task is performed to the standards  [5]  . There are two types of bureaucratic organization which are as follows, Standard bureaucracy : These type of company normally do standard routine work where large technical staffs led by mid level managers led by senior management. Professional bureaucracy: This type of company also does standard work but relies on efficient performance and complex in nature where the company hierarchy has only few mid-level managers. Flat Organization: Flat organization tends to have few level of hierarchy which means chain of control is short. This makes high level of employee involvement in decision making which increases team morale and spirit. This structure can be successful only in small organization. Boundary less Organization: This type of organization is of contemporary approach as they cant be defined or limited to or draws lines or boundary which is why the name boundary less organization came. Flexible and unstructured approach seems to be successful and many companies have started this approach after Jack Welch of GE coined this term.

Violence :: essays research papers

Violence What do all of these scenes have in common: a small figure jumping on another figure's head, a man stabbing a woman with a pencil in the hand, and a man punching another man in the face? Violence. What is the difference between these three scenes? One is a scene from a video game, another is from a new, popular movie, and one can be seen in real life. In a popular video game you have a little character named Mario who is supposed to rescue Princess Toadstool. In doing so he has to jump on certain characters' heads in order to kill them. It is scenes like this that the government wants to outlaw. How can the government limit the amount of violence a kid sees in his or her childhood because the only way is to remove the kid's eyes just so he or she couldn't see the violence? Of course the kid can still hear the violence, so what are they going to do, cut off the kid's ears too? After that, the kid would be safe from seeing and hearing violence. What could the kid do after that? Violence is just a part of human nature; it may be a part that civilized humans suppress in order to try to have law and order. Law and order are two things that just seem like guidelines from which a kid bases his or her rebellion. Just like in Columbine High School there was a small group of kids who were willing to break the law because there were restrict ions on what they could do. And because they were teased by some of the kids, and to them it might have felt like the whole school was coming down on them, they got their revenge in one way possible. Although we will never know exactly why, even though they left a note, they rebelled against the system like they did; we will never know because they are now dead from their suicide pact. From now on, I think that someone should take threats a little more seriously when it comes to kids like they are. In video games you could be, as the government puts it, trained like a killer just from video games. I don't believe that statement to be true, because if it were then we would have a 'holodeck'; from Star Trek.